The two terms describe apparently similar materials that, added sopra small quantities, can modify the properties of the starting mixture

A(3) The additives (

Mediante modern terminology, the additive is per material “added sopra small quantities onesto a liquid or granular material onesto produce some desired modification preciso its characteristics” (ISO 6707–1:2020), while the admixture is verso material “added sopra small quantities before or during verso mixage process sopra order onesto modify the characteristics of verso mixture”. However, the difference between the two terms lies mainly sopra that the additive is added during the manufacturing of the cement, while the admixture is added preciso the concrete during missaggio. Moreover, the Adherent EN 934–2 canone states that the admixture for concrete should be in an amount not greater than 5% by mass, compared with the cement. Therefore, under the current rules, the adjonction of materials, such as ground ceramic fragments, in considerable proportions would fall into the category of aggregates http://datingranking.net/it/coffee-meets-bagel-review/ and not that of additives.

However, one of the main aims of the archaeometric study on ancient mortars and plasters is to reconstruct the production’s phases and the supply modalities of each component. Durante this case, the term additive, used durante its etymological sense (from addere, preciso add) has the advantage of clearly recalling the difference between verso primary component (frequently sand) and an added component (i.ed. the additive) mediante the aggregate. This is the meaning we have given onesto the term additive mediante this article. Still, the explanation provided above accounts for the fact that modern terminology partly overlaps and partly articulates itself differently, based on the contemporary world’s different needs. It follows that, as long as terminological uncertainties persist, it is always good preciso specify the choice made con the description of the results.

Hence, after having accurately characterised the main components (aggregate and binder), the following question concerns the possible presence of additives: “are there any deliberately added materials?”. If yes: “which types of materials were added?” and “where did they ad esempio from or how were they made?” (other questions concern suitability and functionality and are reported mediante the dedicated paragraphs).

Sicuro properly solve this question, it is necessary, perhaps even more than in previous cases, sicuro know which types of additives were used to facilitate-or even allow-their identification during the analysis of the “study’s object”

The accessit of inclusions onesto improve the final product’s successo was a common practice that frequently left recognisable traces con literary sources and archaeological evidence. Consequently, citable examples are numerous and provide us with an extremely varied picture sopra which inorganic and organic materials are enlisted. Therefore, it is possible sicuro formulate the characterisation question con terms of: “are the additives of an inorganic or organic nature?” (we will see later that there are additional difficulties in this second case).

For this reason, we present a shortlist of inorganic and organic additives (and admixtures); however, we refer to the other contributions for the necessary insights on their characteristics and properties (Arizzi and Cultrone 2021; Ergenc et al. 2021).

Beginning with inorganic additives, the most common were natural and artificial pozzolans that are defined as “siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which con themselves possess little or per niente cementitious value but will, mediante finely divided form and mediante the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures puro form compounds possessing cementitious properties” (Dodson 1990).

Natural pozzolans are volcanic origin materials, such as the volcanic ashes from the region of Pozzuoli from which they take their name (pozzolan s.s.). These are often found con the mortars/plasters of sites located within or close esatto volcanic regions (Pizzo et al. 2009; Ozkaya and Boke 2009; Villasenor and Graham 2010; Kurugol and Gulec 2012), but when they are found mediante sites far from supply areas, archaeometric research is called upon onesto localise their origin and reconstruct the trade routes that allowed their import and usage. The provenance question may thus remain confined sicuro the scale of the site and its territory or expand puro long-scale range imports and ciclocross other issues such as those concerning the methods and extent of the promozione of raw materials in a given period (e.g. “what was the diffusion of these materials?”; “what were the routes and commercial methods involved in the transport of these important raw materials?”).